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| Ionizing Radiation |
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As stated earlier, ionizing radiation has
enough energy to strip electrons from their molecules and atoms. Its
interaction with matter can change chemical reaction in the body and may lead
to damage in biological tissues including effects on DNA. |
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| Non-Ionizing Radiation |
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This type of radiation does not have sufficient
energy to ionize living matter. It could cause some heating effects, but
usually not enough to produce any kind of long term tissue damage. |
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| Greenhouse gases |
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Block infrared radiation from escaping back
into space by re-radiating it back to the surface. These gases act as a blanket
to trap heat and keep the planet some 30°C warmer than it would otherwise be.
The 'natural greenhouse effect' is essential to sustain life.
It is predicted and almost agreed that temperatures will rise in the range of
1-3.5°C by the end of the 21st Century if no action is taken to limit
greenhouse gas emissions. This could affect the whole pattern of the world's
weather, and increase the frequency and intensity of storms, floods, heat waves
droughts and an attendant rise of 20cm in global mean sea levels by 2030.
The 'greenhouse effect' describes the infrared radiation reflected from the
Earth that becomes trapped in the upper atmosphere by a blanket of gases. It's
a natural phenomenon, which makes the Earth's surface sufficiently warm to
sustain life. |
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| ISO 14001 |
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Certification systems for EMS ISO 14001 which
demonstrate that a system is operated to an internationally recognized
standard.
The overall aim of ISO 14001 is to support environmental protection and
prevention of pollution in balance with socio-economic needs and to ensure that
products and services have the least environmental impact. |
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| Radio waves |
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Radio wave, or radio frequency (RF), are an
invisible yet essential part of our modern life. Radio waves were discovered
more than 100 years ago and we often take today's technology for granted.
Scientists have been studying the health effects of radio waves for more than
50 years.
Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum which also includes light
and heat and is used by all electrical equipment including television and radio
stations as well as mobile phones.
Radio waves are not radioactive. RF is a form of non-ionizing
radiation. It is not the same as radiation associated with X-rays or gamma-rays
and its biological effect on humans is quite different. The energy emitted is
insufficient to disrupt molecules in the body.
But, at high powers, RF can cause heating - so their strength is strictly
controlled and monitored by independent agencies. |
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| IEEE |
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers Inc. is a non-profit, technical professional association of more than
365,000 individual members in approximately 150countries. The IEEE is a leading
authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering, biomedical
technology and telecommunications, to electric power, aerospace engineering and
consumer electronics, among others. |
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| ANSI |
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The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the
United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 80
years. Founded five engineering societies and three government agencies, the
Institute remains a private, nonprofit membership organization supported by a
diverse constituency of private and public sector organizations.
Throughout its history, ANSI has maintained as its primary goal the enhancement
of global competitiveness of U.S. business and the American quality of life by
promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity
assessment systems and promoting their integrity. |
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| SAR |
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Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of
the rate at which radiofrequency (RF) energy is absorbed by the body when
exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic field. The most common use is in
relation to cellular telephones. |
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| ICNIRP |
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International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation Protection. It is a body of independent scientific experts consisting
of a main Commission of 14 members, 4 Scientific Standing Committees covering
Epidemiology, Biology, Dosimetry and Optical Radiation and a number of
consulting experts. This expertise is brought to bear on addressing the
important issues of possible adverse effects on human health of exposure to
non-ionising radiation. |
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| WHO |
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The World Health Organization is the United
Nations specialized agency for health. WHO's objective, is the attainment by
all peoples of the highest possible level of health. Health is defined in WHO's
Constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. |
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| RSI |
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Repetitive Strain Injuries occur from repeated
physical movements doing damage to tendons, nerves, muscles, and other soft
body tissues. Occupations ranging from meatpackers to musicians have
characteristic RSIs that can result from the typical tasks they perform. |
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| SAR |
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Specific Absorption Rate, is a measure of the
amount of radio wave energy absorbed by the body during mobile phone use We
currently abide by a number of Government and voluntary commitments. They
include publicizing SAR values for phones and an agreement that we do not
market our products to under 16s.
All handsets we sell, including the Ambulance Service and other emergency
services TETRA handsets for the police forces of Great Britain, conform to the
relevant SAR limits. Details for specific models of mobile phones are available
in our stores and online at:
For those who have concerns about exposure to radio waves we suggest that
moving the phone away from the body - for example by using a hands-free kit or
loudspeaker mode if available - can be more effective than choosing a handset
with lower SAR. |
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| Mobile Phone Base Station |
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Often distinguished by tall masts - is a low
power radio transmitter with an antenna to transmit radio waves to mobile
phones. Antennas have to be positioned high on masts because radio waves travel
in straight lines and can be interrupted or deflected by buildings or terrain.
It is the antenna that transmits radio frequencies: the masts themselves do
not. |
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| Macrocell |
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Provides the largest area of coverage within a
mobile network. Its antennas can be mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops or
other structures and must be high enough to avoid obstruction. Macrocells
provide radio coverage over varying distances, depending on the frequency used,
the number of calls and the physical terrain. Typically they have a power
output in tens of watts. |
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| Microcells |
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Provide additional coverage and capacity in
areas where there are high numbers of users, urban and suburban areas, for
example. The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, are smaller
than macrocell antennas and can often be disguised as building features.
Microcells provide radio coverage over distances - typically between 300m and
1000m - and have lower output powers than marocells, usually a few watts. |
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| The site conformity certificate |
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These certificates are issued by the ministry
of telecommunications to conforming sites and are official statements of
conformity, contributing greatly to the stability of the base station rollout
process.
Also, the certificates were essential in legalizing the situation of many of
the base stations, some in key locations. Their continuous updating takes into
consideration the international releases and recent findings in the field of
mobile telecommunications. |
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| Sustainable Development |
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Development of industrial and natural resources
that meets the energy needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs in a similar manner. |
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| Gross Domestic Product |
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The total market value of all the goods and
services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period. |
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